English And Speak English At Home Than The Overall U.s....

English and speak English at home than the overall U.S. foreign-born population (DHS, 2014). In 2013, about â€Å"69 percent of Mexican immigrants ages 5 and older reported limited English proficiency, compared to 50 percent of the total foreign-born population†(DHS, 2014). Approximately â€Å"4 percent of Mexican immigrants spoke only English at home, versus 16 percent of all immigrants†(DHS, 2014). Assimilation has its merits as it encourages immigrants to learn to speak English, the language that is required to succeed in life as well as experience ordinary life in the United States. Without assimilating enough to at least learn English, the predominant language of the United States, immigrants cannot communicate with Americans and will be confined to their ethnic group. Studies show that immigrants that learn and adopt English as their first language are more likely to self identify as being American (Renshon, 2009). Acquiring language skills is a means that helps i mmigrants become more attached to America’s institutions, to its way of life and its communities. Assimilation not only means learning English, but also developing an appreciation for civil rights, and abiding by laws. Consequently without assimilation, an immigrant will always be â€Å"diverse†, and this divisiveness will inevitably destroy America and its prosperity. Diversity in this sense is not strength, but rather a weakness. Unity, values and a shared identity is what defines a country (Huntington, 2004).Show MoreRelatedSouth Central Brooklyn Serves Community Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesBorough Park, Ditmas Park, Midwood, Kensington, Manhattan Terrance, and Prospect Park South. According to the 2015 U.S census bureau, the population of Brooklyn stands at 2,504,700 out of which South-Central Brooklyn has approximately 804,982 residents and it is expected to have grown gradually through the one year-period that has elapsed (United States Census Bureau, n.d.) . This is more than double the amount of the total number of people that was living in South- Central Brooklyn in 2000, which wasRead MoreEssay about Immigration and Its Effect on the United States Economy1640 Words   |  7 Pagesscience scholars concluded their assessment of U.S. society with the observation that Americas biggest import is people and determined that at a time when attention is directed to the general decline in American exceptionalism, American immigration continues to flow at a rate unknown elsewhere in the world [Oxford Analytica 1986, 20]. Unlike earlier mass immigration periods to the United States the present day wave of immigration to the U.S. show no sign of imminent decline [Bouvier 1991Read MoreSouth Central Brooklyn : The Most Overpopulated Community Within Brooklyn Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists of densely populated African American, Hispanic and West Indian neighborhoods. According to the 2015 U.S census bureau, the population of Brooklyn stands at 2,504,700 out of which South-Central Brooklyn has approximately 804,982 residents and it is expected to have grown gradually through the one year-period that has elapsed (United States Census Bureau, 2014). This is more than double the amount of the total number of people that was living in South- Central Brooklyn in 2000, which wasRead MoreA New Light On Immigration1410 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States. Steve Breen brings about a controversial topic in his article â€Å"Living In the Shadows†; whether immigration brings destruction or improvement in the United States. He includes the articles â€Å"Diversity and Pioneer Spirit of Immigrants Made U.S Great† wri tten by Enrique Morones and â€Å"Costs of Illegal Immigration Are Threat to Lives, Economy† by Brian Bilbray, which provide two different perceptions on the subject of immigration. While Morones advocates for humane immigration reform, supportingRead MoreRacial And Ethnic Stereotypes That Feed Discrimination1652 Words   |  7 PagesIn America’s society, there are millions of immigrants who make up roughly 15 percent of the population. An immigrant is any individual who comes to live in foreign country permanently where they are not originally born. Even though there are such high population rates for legal immigrants, there is still immigrant bashing that occurs. Which consists of immigrants being constantly tormented and belittled because of their ethical background. Alberto G. Mata and Catalina Herrerias describe immigrantRead MoreIntercultural Communication1648 Words   |  7 PagesMexico is how the communication significantly affected foreign policy and interna tional commerce between the two countries. Mexico is a country of intercultural significance and neighbors the United States of America. The United States of America is traditional and within the country, many cultures exist. The work ethic and language, within intercultural communication in Mexico and the United States of America, are similar. The population of the United States exceeds 313 million people and thisRead MoreInternational Student Interview Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only themselves but by surrounding countries as well. They have first-rate justice systems, improved living situations, high-class transportation, finer luxuries, and enhanced overall lifestyles. My college English class was informed that we must interview an international student to discuss their opinions about the U.S., and it was an exciting topic to conceive. Who better to ask then an individual that has lived in the distant country, smelt the air, and walked the grounds. I began scouring theRead MoreAmerica s Position Of Dominance Sustainable1154 Words   |  5 Pagesminimal for several reasons. The United States will continue to be a massively powerful, secure, and diverse country well into the next century. America is superior compared to every other country because of its geography, economics, military power, population, culture, and more. There is no country that has all the combined factors that make a superpower except the United States. The phenomenal geography of America is one major key that maintains the superiority of the country. First, it has navigableRead MoreThe Island Of Cuba1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe island of Cuba is located on the northern rim of the Caribbean Sea and was inhabited by Arawak and Ciboney Indians prior to colonization by the Spanish in 1511. This native population, due to the colonization of the Spanish, was ravaged by decease, enslavement and warfare which ultimately caused their extinction. Cuba received little attention throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries like most of Spain’s Caribbean colonies because Spain was concentrating attention on Central and SouthRead MorePortland Is The Largest City For A Diverse Population, Culture, Recreation, And History Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"As the original commerce center of Oregon, Portland is the largest city in the state and home to a diverse population, culture, recreation, and history† (Ash, Jylnne). It ranks 17th in terms of population of metropolitan areas in the United States (Park, Peter ). Portland is known for its character, as well as its environmental consciousness, top breweries, and food carts. In a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranked as the eighth most popular American city according to where participants

List of Examples of Stylistic Devices - 1506 Words

Lexical stylistic devices Metaphor. Sustained metaphor O Rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm, Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. [William Blake â€Å"The sick rose† http://www.poetry-archive.com/b/the_sick_rose.html] novel metaphor: Time is jealous of you and wars against your lilies and your roses [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.30] Conventional metaphor If all the worlds a stage, where is the audience sitting? [by Steven Wright â€Å"Anatomy of English humor† Lev Barsky ЛÐ ¸Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼, ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, 2012] Genuine methaphor The pulse of joy that beats in us at twenty, becomes sluggish [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray.†¦show more content†¦[Maugham â€Å"The happy man†.†Short stories† Vintage books.1998. P.219]. Sentential epithet- Mrs. Vane glanced at her, and with one of those false theatrical gestures that so often become a mode of second nature to a stage-player, clasped her in her arms. [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.74] Oxymoron I knew Salvatore first when a boy of fifteen with a pleasant ugly face†¦ [Maugham â€Å"The Salvatore†.†Short stories† Vintage books.1998. P.157]. Hyperbole I like persons with no principles better than anything else in the world. [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.16] Periphrasis My dear Tina, we have paid our homage to Neptune. He will forgive us if we now turn our backs on him. [Aaron Kampman Jersey , west-country folksong: â€Å"As Sylvie Was Walking† http://whoced.net/pt/perilous-/blog.htm] Decomposition of a set phrase He saw a notice saying, KEEP TO THE WRONG [Colier J. â€Å"Half way to hell†. P. 335] I am of a roving disposition [Maugham â€Å"The happy man†.†Short stories† Vintage books.1998. P.157]. Euphemism You know I am not a champion of marriage. [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.97] Syntactical stylistic devices Stylistic inversion Had he not, guide-book in hand, traversed the forsaken streets of Pompeii? –[Evelyn Waugh â€Å"Decline and Fall†, P. 149] Detached structure And he walked slowly past again, along the river - an evening of clear, quietShow MoreRelatedUsage And Usage Of Alliteration1170 Words   |  5 Pagesin from stem to stern, or with a vowel sound that may differ from syllable to syllable (vocalic alliteration) as in each to all. Alliteration - Examples and Definition of Alliteration - Literary Devices literarydevices.net/alliteration/ Definition, Usage and a list of Alliteration Examples in common speech and literature. Alliteration is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the ... Alliteration | Definition of Alliteration by Merriam-Webster www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alliterationRead MoreJ. Galsworthy. the Broken Boot1021 Words   |  5 PagesA Sample of Complex Stylistic Analysis J. Galsworthy. The Broken Boot (E.M. Zeltin et. Al. English Graduation Course, 1972, pp.88-89: finishing with the words .. .walked side by side.) Text Interpretation The passage under analysis is taken from John Galsworthys story The Broken Boot. It is about an actor whose name is Gilbert Caister. For six months he had been without a job and a proper meal. He ran into a man whom he had come to know in a convalescent camp, a man who thought a lot ofRead MoreJ. Galsworthy. the Broken Boot1005 Words   |  5 PagesA Sample of Complex Stylistic Analysis J. Galsworthy. The Broken Boot (E.M. Zeltin et. Al. English Graduation Course, 1972, pp.88-89: finishing with the words .. .walked side by side.) Text Interpretation The passage under analysis is taken from John Galsworthys story The Broken Boot. It is about an actor whose name is Gilbert Caister. For six months he had been without a job and a proper meal. He ran into a man whom he had come to know in a convalescent camp, a man who thought aRead MorePrehistoric Art Study Guide883 Words   |  4 Pagesquestions will be multiple choice. Some will be accompanied by images while others will rely on your use of your knowledge without visual reference points. COVERAGE Visual Material: Selected from the works of art and architecture we have studied - see list below. These have all been discussed IN CLASS AS WELL AS IN THE TEXTBOOK or other readings. (If we do not cover all the works listed below in class, you will not be responsible for them on the test.) Information: You will be expected to know termsRead MoreMany Authors Can Write Beautiful Works, But Not Many Can1324 Words   |  6 Pagespossible. However, despite the overwhelming popularity of Do yle’s work, he is rarely taken seriously as a stylistic writer. He is regarded as a â€Å"first-rate storyteller (as opposed to a serious novelist)† (Hodgkinson). This said, Doyle does have a unique and effective style of writing that truly draws readers into the world of Sherlock Holmes. Through the use of seemingly basic style devices- sentence length and structure, series, and appositives- Doyle brings readers into his stories before theyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Lost On Translation By Lera Boroditsky1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough Boroditsky does not include more counterarguments, â€Å"Lost in Translation† is a well written article which demonstrates that languages indeed shape the way people think through her use of the Rhetorical Triangle, inductive logic, and her stylistic choices. In the article â€Å"Lost in Translation†, the author, Lera Boroditsky, maintains as her thesis that the languages we speak not only reflect or express our thoughts, but also shape the very thoughts we wish to express. Boroditsky begins the mainRead MoreStylistic Features in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary work have always employed stylistic devices to pass their message, Kate Chopin was no exception. She employs a number of styles in her book, the story of an Hour. Just like any author she achieves storytelling in a simple and straight forward manner. Some of the stylistic devices she uses are: description, internal monologue, authorial intrusion contrast, figurative expressions, symbolism among others. This paper discusses the use of stylistic features in passing the message toRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Stylistic Devices1866 Words   |  8 PagesChapter One In Chapter One, F. Scott Fitzgerald mainly uses detail to introduce the setting and characters. For example, when introducing the main setting of the book, he describes his house as squeezed between two huge places that rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season. (9). One of these houses was Gatsbys. This detail gives the reader an idea of what kind of town this was, and what kind of people lived in it. Fitzgerald also uses detail to introduce characters. When introducingRead MoreLiterary Devices in Pride and Prejudice8198 Words   |  33 Pagesthe Lexical Stylistic devices (Metaphor, metonymy, irony, simile, epithet) in the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen† DIPLOMA PAPER Scientific Supervisor: E. B. Jumakeeva Done by: Satarova Rahat, group: A08-2 Contents: Pages: Introduction Chapter I. General survey of Stylistic Devices I.1 Historical background of Style and Stylistics Devices I.2 Types of Stylistic Devices ChapterRead MoreWhat it is Like to Live in Paris in the Article, See Paris the Real Parisians Do, from The Arizona Republic1129 Words   |  5 Pagesgraceful Paris is which also gives the text its appreciative and admiring tone. Thus, this makes the reader feel proud if they are from Paris. The readers can also feel grateful because of the beauty described in Paris. The author uses various stylistic devices which include imagery, onomatopoeia, allusions, symbolism, brackets and signs. â€Å"There is traffic, there is noise, there is filth on the streets†( line 6, Nilsen) express Paris through the sense of sight, sound and smell. Imagery is also created

Index Funds and Mutual Funds Free Essays

Whether money is be the root cause of evil or not, I don†t know. What I do know it that since the dawn of man, the concept of currency had been intimately intertwined with human society. It helps form the basis of governments, and most laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Index Funds and Mutual Funds or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world stock market is where these global force that powers our atomic age society merges into a complex matrix of financial void; opportunity in it†s most complex form. The raw power of the stock market that can either bring a man to rapid success, or completely ruin him. Two of the prominent worlds of the stock market are the topic for this research paper: Index Funds and regular mutual funds. To my horror, these two terms are incredibly vague words and each have many different parts with their own specific characteristics. I will be comparing and contrasting the over shared characteristics of both kinds of stock market investing. Let us begin by explaining what both these terms actually mean. Indexing, in its simplest form, means buying all of the stocks, bonds or other instrument of a market, or asset class, instead of trying to pick winners and losers. Index investors are content with the average performance of a market. When they invest, they buy all an amount of all the stocks within the index with the knowledge that some individual stocks will gain and some will lose. The hope and assumption is when investing in index funds, that the overall net change of all the stocks in the index average out to a gain. This is usually the case as the normal trend for a market is to gradually climb. Index investors are skeptical that on average a money manager can improve on the average performance without raising risk. They are even more skeptical after fees are subtracted. The best known index, the Standard Poor’s 500 (SP 500), is a collection of the top 500 major US stocks. However there are dozens of others, including the Euro Top 100, the largest European stocks; EAFE, a broad global index of companies from numerous countries; and the Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index, a collection of government and commercial bonds. Other names for index investing include â€Å"asset class investing† and â€Å"passive investing.† As the name suggests, passive investing is basically a no brainier. The philosophy is not to worry about what individual stocks will gain or lose but to place your risks on the market as a whole. An asset class is simply a category of investment, such as stocks or bonds. No surprises – You instantly know whether your gaining or losing as your profits are based on the overall conditions of the market, or at least the section of the market you invested in. With an actively managed mutual fund investment, you may not know until the very end that the fund manager just lost you or gained you a great deal of free money. Low maintenance – No thinking required. In this sense its kinda like a slot machine just on a much larger scale and on a slot machine†¦ you never win. There is no debating over which stocks to buy, for how long to keep them. Your money stays put; you always know where it is unlike mutual funds where its always being shuffled around. Low Taxes – Taxes on distributions among shareholders is significantly less with index funds as opposed to mutual funds. This saves time and money. Low Expenses – Stock managers charge money. The better they are, the more they charge which boils down to the more you make, the more is taken out of you profit. The average general stock fund takes 1.5% of your assets each year for expenses. Some funds charge much more. The average index fund charges only 0.46%, which means more of your money, is left behind. Lower risk – As you invest in an index, your stocks are generalized throughout the market. This diversification holds a lower risk then picking out individual stocks yourself. Average returns – Investing in an index fund means you’ll never beat the market. You’ll never even match it, since fund expenses will knock a little off your returns. And even though most actively managed mutual funds don’t beat the market over time, a few managers have consistently posted outstanding performances. No downside protection – Mutual fund managers often increase their holdings of bonds and cash if they think the market is poised to fall. Index funds offer no such safeguards: If the market plunges, you’ll go down with it. That’s why most financial planners say index funds are best suited for long-term investors who can ride out dips in the market. High minimums – While index funds generally have low expenses, you may need a lot of money to get started. For example the Vanguard fund requires an initial investment of $3,000 to go into one of its popular index funds; other funds require $1,000 to $5,000. And once you’re in, it might be expensive to get out: Many index funds charge a fee to investors who don’t hold onto their shares at least a year, or more. No fun – Like I said, it†s a no-brainer. Which means you sit and watch your money travel up and down a little red line on you television screen while watching CSPAN. Not as exciting as getting the newspaper the next day and finding out your fund just quintupled. A mutual fund is a company that combines, or pools, investors’ money and, generally, purchases stocks and/or bonds. Ideally, a fund’s size and efficiency, combined with experienced management, provide advantages for investors that include diversification, expert stock and bond selection, low costs, and convenience. In terms of legal structure, a mutual fund is a corporation that receives preferential tax treatment under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The most common type of mutual fund, called an open-end fund, allows investors to buy and sell stock in it on an ongoing basis. The mutual fund issues shares of stock to investors in exchange for cash. However, unlike most cooperations do, mutual funds don†t issue a set amount of shares; new shares are issued as each new investment is made. Investors thus become part owners of the fund itself, and thereby the assets of the fund. The fund, in turn, uses investors’ cash to purchase securities, such as stocks and bonds. This makes up the majority of the assets that the fund makes for itself. There are two main types of mutual funds, a load and no-load fund. Basically speaking, a load fund is one that has a sales charge, and a no-load does not. Those that do have sales charges simply add them on to the net asset value of the fund, thus coming up with a new, higher offering price per share. The underlying values of the fund†s shares do not change. An investor selling shares will still receive only the net asset value. A no-load fund is simpler. The net asset value is used for both the purchase price and the selling price. Therefore, the two prices are always the same. Diversification – As opposed to independent stock investing. Your money is more diversified but not as Cost – Again, as opposed to individual investing. Funds usually have trading cost discounts and can spread internal cost over the large shareholder base. Professional Management – You have a professional fund manager who watches the stock and decides where it should go and when it should go there. Tax planning difficult – because the timing of taxable distribution is uncertain. You cannot choose the sale dates for yourself and therefore there is much uncertainty on when your taxable distributions are made. Uncertainty – For competitive reasons with other mutual funds, the funds usually don†t disclose the report of a transaction until after its been made. This leaves you constantly one step behind in knowing where you money is. Manager changes – A fund can all of a sudden change a manager which you will not find out about in a timely manner. You don†t know who†s handling your money and have little control over it yourself. How to cite Index Funds and Mutual Funds, Essay examples

Importance of Grammar in Learning-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What is the place of grammar in laguage teaching? 2.How necessary is it for a teacher of English as a foreign language to have a knowledge of English grammar? 3.How necessary is it for the teacher to have a knowledge of the grammar of the students' language or languages? Answers: The role or the utility of grammar in teaching languages has led to a lot of speculation in the recent times. According to teachers who have been engaged with the subject for long as also for linguists, grammar is an important part of the lesson. After the emergence of new approaches and methods, somehow the significance of grammar was lost. In the recent times, more and more attention is being paid to it and is being considered important. Irrespective of the method that the teacher uses, the extent to which the teacher works on grammar is bound to differ greatly depending on the age of the learners. The younger the student is, the lesser is their knowledge of the explanation of grammar and exercises. It is thought that, grammar is not that significant and hence much of attention need not be given to the teacher. This sort of a realization is due to the age of the student. It can additionally be said however that, the students can catch the rules of the language and make them their own much faster than in case of adults. Despite this, there is definitely a need to explain the grammar to kids. 1.It has been seen that the learners minds can control the grammar for the people; the teachers are unable to perform it on their behalf. Grammar is within the mind and is a categorization of knowledge and it is not a set of policies or structures to be memorized or to be learnt as habits but is an active system to be built by the individuals mind for dealing with the different sentences which it hears and grasps. The teaching method provides the way by which the computational system in the students mind can be formulated (Cook). There are considerable learning and mental abilities of the adults just like the younger ones but adult learners are considered to be in need of certain explanations specifically in certain steps of the learning process. One reason they need to attain such a level of accuracy is due to the reason that these people do not seem to be willing to take risks of making mistakes, the younger learners are not really afraid. The second reason for them needing such accuracy is because their age group is that which requires them to join jobs and get involved in their careers. Thus they will need to maintain a command of English in addition to a sound knowledge in their own fields (Alsagoff et al). There are several learners who are always under pressure to accomplish a higher level of accuracy than whatever is needed for an effective amount of communication. It is required that the examiners be satisfied by the students and in these situations, there are certain criteria which have little to do with the effectiveness of the language use. When it comes to the employers, even some frequent small mistakes are unacceptable and hence needs to be kept in mind by them (Richards and Theodore). Accuracy is considered to come after proper amount of exposure and practice but in certain countries, the only place of exposure of the students to the English language is the English class. Therefore it is necessary for the teachers to compensate for the loss of adequate amount of exposure (Cook). Languages have reasons of structure which are difficult and hard to learn. Therefore for the learners to master them, adequate amount of experience, consideration and use of these features are crucial. In cases where the time is limited and learners have out of class exposure, the situation can be brought about with the help of pedagogic intervention. There needs to be explicit teaching and also systematic practices informed by a syllabus of the known problems. The inaccuracy of the methods of understanding also needs to be realized and modified in the very beginning (Dickins and Kevin). There are certain items of grammar which are more vital than others, and other aspects need extremely high exposure in order to be acquired subconsciously. In case the inputs for the exposure are highly sufficient these items are more capably and quickly learned effectively. In case any sort of errors are committed on these cases, the meanings will severely change. On the other hand, the items which are very less basic and also have a less amount of disturbance in case of the communication are more properly acquired either subconsciously or inductively. The grammar items might be more suitably accomplished through the raising of consciousness (Cook). 2.Another important question is the importance of the teachers knowledge in English. A teacher needs to possess sufficient amount of knowledge. The teacher needs to possess the ability to answer all the relevant questions and also those queries which are irrelevant. It is not enough to state that there is no knowledge of a particular topic to a person. In addition to this, due to the extremely fast evolutionary nature of language as also teaching ideas, a teacher needs to be a learner forever nourishing his or her knowledge of the latest amount of changes (Rutherford). The teachers are obliged to be aware of the new ideas about grammar and learning of language today so that they can take from them anything which they find beneficial. It is significant that the teacher of English as an outside language know about the language properly so that the students who learn from that particular teacher are able to grasp the important aspects of grammar apart from learning it as a language (Wong, and Mirta). It is rather difficult for students having different languages as their mother tongue to focus on the conjunctions, articles, prepositions and their effective use in the language which they are learning for the first time. It is therefore the role of the teacher to ensure that all the requirements of the grammar are clearly explained to the students. Introducing innovative ways and methods of learning can also help the students to remember and properly apply the grammatical techniques which they are learning (Basturkmen). 3.Whether the teacher knows about the native language of the students is also a significant question. There are several types of errors which are committed during the learning and teaching process. In case a teacher is aware of the grammar of the students native language, he or she can be made aware of what grammatical processes that arise in the learners mind. It also allows the teacher to identify the problem, in case there are any problems and also inform the students about them. The uses of verbs, prepositions, their positioning as well as the agreement of the verb with subject are different in case of different languages (Purpura). The teachers who are aware of the grammatical differences in the different languages can make the students aware of these issues and prevent them from making grammatical errors. However, the most important issue is the in-depth knowledge of the English language. It is the duty of the teacher to have an in depth knowledge of the languages in which he is teaching (Richards and Theodore). It is due to this that the teacher can notice even the smallest of grammatical errors and ask the students to correct it as soon as they can remove it. The teacher can also devise a solution of it. The knowledge of students native language might help the teacher to relate its procedures with that that of English. However it is not imperative that the teacher possesses knowledge of that language References: Alsagoff, Lubna, et al., eds.Principles and practices for teaching English as an international language. Routledge, 2012. Basturkmen, Helen. "Review of research into the correspondence between language teachers' stated beliefs and practices."System40.2 (2012): 282-295. Cook, Vivian.Second language learning and language teaching. Routledge, 2013. Dickins, Pauline Rea, and Kevin Germaine.Managing evaluation and innovation in language teaching: Building bridges. Routledge, 2014. Purpura, James E.Assessing grammar. John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2013. Richards, Jack C., and Theodore S. Rodgers.Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press, 2014. Rutherford, William E.Second language grammar: Learning and teaching. Routledge, 2014. Wong, Cathy Chiu Yin, and Mirta Barrea-Marlys. "The role of grammar in communicative language teaching: An exploration of second language teachers perceptions and classroom practices."Electronic Journal of Foreign L