Effective Use of Pathos :: Writers Writing Composition Essays

Effective Use of Pathos Ellen Goodman and Carol Tavris share styles in writing, audiences, and rhetorical appeals. Both authors write informally and direct their message towards listeners between the age of 30-45 years of age. Goodman and Tavris also use pathos to back up their essays. In Countering the Culture of Sex, Goodman addresses teenage sex and the media. Sex is sold throughout the United States by the television and music. Goodman thinks is the media is going to continue to propagate this material to the youth of the nation, then there needs to be a complete view of sex and the consequences. The images teenagers see today are only positive images of sex. They do not put the bad facts: sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, and pregnancy, with all the good advertising sex has developed in their minds. Goodman stands for a movement towards correct portrayal of sex in the media. In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics, Tavris describes the phenomenon of social loafing. Through two incidences, Tavris depicts a society where people in groups allow a murder or beating to take place without intervention. This lack of responsibility stems from the group individual’s belief that someone else is already taking care of the situation. Tavris feels strongly that people who merely stand and watch should also be considered in the wrong. She wants the public to unite and look out for each other’s best interests, to not fall into a diffusion of responsibility. The writing styles in both essays are similar; they are informal. Tavris notes, â€Å"They behave badly because they aren’t paying attention, or they leave it to Harry, or they don’t want to rock the boat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These modern day phrases make it easier for the reader to understand. These words take Tavris from the status of a Ph. D. in Sociological Psychology to an everyday person trying to make everyone understand her point. Goodman’s informal approach, â€Å"These messages that kids actually listen to ought to be piped into the hearing rooms where Congress is busy concocting a new welfare policy,† make it easier for her to connect with her audience. Welfare is an issue and an area of concern for many adults. The sarcastic, informal tone in Goodman’s words reflects the strength in her own belief and the belief she possess in the everyday citizen.

“Macbeth”: An Exploration of the dramatic nature of Act 2 Essay

Act 2 on its own has a lot of activity going on and a lot of information that you have to churn though to finally get not only the inner meanings of what Shakespeare has written but also the story. There are various little sub headings in which we can split up Act 2. These could be language, timing, irony, tension and dramatic value. I will be looking at dramatic value and the tension which is made due to the actions or expressions which occur in the act. Firstly an overview of what happens. Well Macbeth after being hyped up by Lady Macbeth to kill the King has crazy/guilt full illusions about doing so before the deed is done but eventually kills King Duncan. Duncan’s body is found and his two sons flee Scotland as there â€Å"are daggers in men’s smiles† that in its self is a great source of dramatic tension as we see the heirs to the thrown leave Scotland in fear of their lives and making Macbeths a lot easier. Macbeth gets crowned as King of Scotland, various people are suspicious about Duncan’s death and Macduff doesn’t attend his coronation. The first piece of true tension is apparent at the very beginning of Act 2. We are reminded of the prophecy from the 3 witches from the presence of Banquo’s son Fleance because the witches said â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou shall be none† which means you shall father a king but not be one yourself. This would also mean that Macbeth’s quest of becoming and staying king would mean more deaths and his biggest potential threat seems to be Fleance. So we are reminded of the prophecy and a few lines down we see Banquo ask for his sword although he is in the castle of a close friend which shows the tension and fear. Early in to Macbeth and Banquo’s conversation Banquo mentions the 3 witches and Macbeth replies â€Å"I think not of them† which is an obvious lie to us because ewe now that he is going to murder Duncan on the bases of what the witches have said. We now see the first of many guilt inspired hallucinations in the form of the dagger â€Å"A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?† this snippet suggests that Macbeth is tired, his brain overheated or again tired and it is because of that, that he can see this dagger. In this speech we also see many unreal and â€Å"unnatural† objects and thoughts. This gives a great sense of tension and shows how this illusion makes Macbeth think of all these unnatural objects mainly to show that what is about to do is unnatural, this is because it was strongly believed that a Monarch was chosen specifically by God so if he did kill Duncan he would be defying God which isn’t such a good thing to do. The bell and knocking on the door seem to prolong the inevitable (Duncan’s murder) and also builds tension in doing so because the audience are on the edge of their seats with fascination of Macbeths soliloquy and want to see what happens next. Now the murder of Duncan itself isn’t actually onstage this technique seems to be borrowed from ancient Greek tragedy’s, this of course drives the audience wild because they can’t actually see the event taking place only the events before hand and after. This definitely increases tension and now the audience have only the power of suggestion to interpretate what has happened which of course is a lot more powerful than actually physically seeing what has happened and each human mind must go wild with thought and ideas about what has happened and it will be as gruesome as it needs to be. We now make a reference to Act 1, as Macbeth are trying to rid their hands of Duncan’s blood we look back at the battle scene in Act 1 were again Macbeth is covered in blood from the long and gruesome battle. But Lady Macbeth reasons with the guilt trodden Macbeth and tells him that â€Å"a little water will clear us of this deed†, but as we see later on guilt gets the better of Lady Macbeth as she goes mad because of the guilt full illusion of blood on her hands that can’t be washed off haunt her until she finally dies. This is rather ironic considering in Act 2 Scene 2 she states â€Å"These deeds must not be thought After these ways; so, it will make us mad† which is what happens to her later on. After the deed Lady Macbeth no longer seems to be in the lime light as often and now stricken with confidence Macbeth takes centre stage. After this murderous passage we get a light comical interlude thanks to the castles porter who unlike most people is common and speaks differently compared to the nobles, it is also visible in the text because he is speaking in pros and his language suggests that he is of lesser importance than other characters of noble birth. The porter’s joke that the door of Inverness is like hell’s gate is ironic, given the cruel and bloody events that have just taken place within the castle. When he cries, â€Å"Who’s there, i’ th’ name of Beelzebub?† we see that unnatural and evil beings and instead receiving a happy or normal welcome when they step into Macbeth’s castle, people are warned that they are putting themselves in danger in this case in the hands of the Devil. Lennox later states to Macbeth at lines 49-56 of the tremendously distressful weather that night, hear we see that Macbeth has unbalanced the pure fabric of being. By defying Gods wish he has in effect left an unnatural tear in time itself, this of course angers God and he brings down over Macbeth’s castle an unnatural storm which lasted â€Å"the livelong night†. You would expect a long reply from Macbeth but because of what he has just done he tries to tone down the thought of evil and he bluntly states â€Å"Twas a rough night.† This response seems rather odd and it seems so. Soon after Duncan’s lifeless body is discovered and is if Macbeth had planned in his head the next few days he springs in to make me king mode by taking control over the situation and the nobles. This is both prompting their decision to make him king and it will also make him look less likely a candidate to kill Duncan. As Macbeth and the nobles prance around feeling sad (obviously not Macbeth he has to lie which builds up tension and fear of getting caught is being portrayed in this fashion by him trying to avoid people believing that he is not sad, and if not why well†¦ †¦..MURDERER) they stumble upon the chamberlains which thank to Lady Macbeth are covered in blood and have daggers also covered in blood in their hands. Macbeth quickly sees an easy way out of being eventually found out, he does this by shifting the blame on the innocent and unaware chamberlains. His fellow nobles don’t seem as sure as Macbeth well of course because he’s lying they didn’t kill Duncan he did, but even so as they question his suspicions Macbeth kills again and leaves the chamberlains bloodier than before and with out life. We can see how much Macbeth’s confidence has grown and how his willingness to do anything to become king has also grown and he now doesn’t seem to mind killing anyone to do so. Of course this shocks the nobles quite a bit and many get a bit edgy. Especially Macduff who later asks Macbeth why he killed the chamberlains, only to get a response from Macbeth that he was driven by passionate anger bought about from Duncan’s death. More tension surfaces in scene 4 when The Thane of Ross speaks to the old man. They speak of the unnatural behaviour referring to both the harsh weather and the odd behaviour of the animals. This of course surrounds the coronation of Macbeth suggesting again that it was not to be and that fate and God aren’t on Macbeth’s side. In the act there are many images of unnatural behaviour these are used to make you see good from evil which in itself is a conflict which brings great tension between what is supposed to be and what is not. We then see Macduff desert Macbeths castle to return to Fife instead of being at his coronation which shows obvious rivalry and conflict of interests. It is also interesting that Macduff is responsible for Macbeth’s death and not Malcolm who is the rightful heir, Malcolm should really avenge his father but he lacks courage and that killer edge that Macduff has. Also just like Duncan’s murder Macbeth’s coronation is off stage we learn of Macbeth’s new position from Macduff, Ross and the old man, so again Shakespeare denies us of seeing the inevitable for dramatic purposes.

Data Breach At The U.s. Office Of Personnel Management Essay

Introduction The data breach at the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) comprised of two likely connected and possibly coordinated incidents to obtain sensitive information of 4.2 million current and former government employees and security background information of 21.5 million individuals starting in July 2012 through 2015. This first report will provide information that describes the attack origin on how attackers gain access into the OPM infrastructure, the action performed, the assets compromised, and the state effect of the vulnerabilities. Moreover, brief the direct and intangible cost of the OPM cybercrime into the numerous impact factors. System-Fault-Risk (SFR) Framework Although the system-fault-risk framework consists of eight categories, this report will focus on the particulars of the initial threat followed by three elements of the actual attack. By understanding the OPM breach through classifications of the SFR framework, findings and recommendations can be deferred from the attack to improve awareness for other government agencies, implement enhanced detection and protection mechanisms, and develop policies and processes to reduce the risk of future cyber incidents. (Ye, Newman, Farley, 2006) Attack Origin. In March 2014, the U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security notified the OPM of data exfiltration from within their network. Later, the US-CERT found evidence of the â€Å"Hikit† malware withinShow MoreRelatedMy Support For Strong Encryption868 Words   |  4 Pageswith better encryptions on their private information warehoused at the Office of Personal Management (OPM). The petition request that the government not erode the security of our personal devices, use hidden code within applications, pressure companies to keep and allow government access to data collected, mandate implementation of vulnerabilities or backdoors into products, or have disproportionate access to the keys to private data. This information is normally redirected back to the OPM and storedRead MoreNetwork Intrusion : The United States Government s Human Resources Department1561 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyzed. Take for example the attac k that was conducted on the Office of Personnel Management which acts as the United States Government s Human Resources department. On June 4th, 2015, the Office of Personnel Management disclosed a statement saying â€Å"Personnel data, including personally identifiable information (PII), of four million current and former federal employees may have been stolen in a hack of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management† (OPM hack affects millions of federal employees, 2015). Read MoreThe United States Office Of Personnel Management Cyber1773 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States Office of Personnel Management Cyber Security Breach OPM logo Largest Data Breach of United States Government Personnel Data In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it was the target of a data breach of over four million people’s personally identifiable information. Later, FBI Director James Comey put the number at 18 million. On July 9, 2015, the estimate of the number of stolen records had increased to 21.5 million. FederalRead MoreA Documentary By Admiral Vern Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagescyberspace. In a recent report by Bhattacharyya (2016), â€Å"Russian hackers attacked the State Department email system and the Office of Personnel Management reported that 5.6 million Americans’ fingerprints were stolen as part of another malicious attack in 2015†. The report also states that â€Å"cyber attacks are an increasing security threat and it is the second greatest global threat to the U.S., behind the ISIS†. In this report, we will analyze three federal government agencies and their challenges in managingRead MoreEssay On Data Breach880 Words   |  4 PagesInstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA) were established to provide a set of standards, guidelines to assist all federal agencies in executing the FISMA and to assist in managing cost-effective programs to protect organization’s information and information systems. NIST founded on March 03, 1901 and now headquartered Gaithersburg, Maryland. Founded by U.S. Congress, NIST was established to impose general measurement standards laboratory;Read MoreData Breaches At The U.s. Office Of Personnel Management Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The data breaches at the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) comprised of two likely connected and possibly coordinated incidents to obtain sensitive information of 4.2 million former and current government employees and security background information of 21.5 million individuals starting in July 2012 through 2015. This first report will provide information that describes the attack origin on how attackers gain access into the OPM infrastructure, the action performed, the assetsRead MoreThe Data Breach At Opm1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe Data Breach at OPM The research paper will take an in-depth view of the current cyber threat and will explore the current efforts taken by the United States in combating the rapidly growing cyber threat. The research conducted will revolve around recent piece of legislation that are said to be the answer to combating cyber-crime. This paper will also look at past efforts and explore their failure and compare with the new piece of legislation to see if it will actually be effective. ThereRead MoreSecurity Controls For Effective Cyber Defense1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe research document â€Å"United Airlines May 2015 Data Breach: Suggested Near, Mid and Long-Term Mitigating Actions Using the 20 Critical Security Controls†, was written from the view of an external security consultant â€Å"Philip G. Rynn†, and published by the SANS Institute, which is an educational organization that has the largest collection of research documents regarding information security. The paper correctly examined the United Airlines breach in May 2015 and offered near, mid and long-term actionsRead MoreDevelopments For Securing The Nations Ports1574 Words   |  7 Pagespassenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010), broaden the definition of† the maritime sector to include a wide range of watercraft and vessels and consists of approximately 95,000 miles of coastline, 361 ports, more than 10,000 milesRead More$55 Million Dollar Data Breach at Choicepoint1077 Words   |  5 PagesMillion Dollar Data Breach at ChoicePoint Abstract Personal data breaches have become epidemic in the U.S. where innocent citizens sensitive information is being left unprotected and subsequently disseminated between hackers. ChoicePoint is an organization that is a premier data broker and credentialing service in the industry. The company was guilty of failing to fulfil their own policy of thoroughly evaluating prospective customer organizations which resulted in a major breach. The source

English And Speak English At Home Than The Overall U.s....

English and speak English at home than the overall U.S. foreign-born population (DHS, 2014). In 2013, about â€Å"69 percent of Mexican immigrants ages 5 and older reported limited English proficiency, compared to 50 percent of the total foreign-born population†(DHS, 2014). Approximately â€Å"4 percent of Mexican immigrants spoke only English at home, versus 16 percent of all immigrants†(DHS, 2014). Assimilation has its merits as it encourages immigrants to learn to speak English, the language that is required to succeed in life as well as experience ordinary life in the United States. Without assimilating enough to at least learn English, the predominant language of the United States, immigrants cannot communicate with Americans and will be confined to their ethnic group. Studies show that immigrants that learn and adopt English as their first language are more likely to self identify as being American (Renshon, 2009). Acquiring language skills is a means that helps i mmigrants become more attached to America’s institutions, to its way of life and its communities. Assimilation not only means learning English, but also developing an appreciation for civil rights, and abiding by laws. Consequently without assimilation, an immigrant will always be â€Å"diverse†, and this divisiveness will inevitably destroy America and its prosperity. Diversity in this sense is not strength, but rather a weakness. Unity, values and a shared identity is what defines a country (Huntington, 2004).Show MoreRelatedSouth Central Brooklyn Serves Community Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesBorough Park, Ditmas Park, Midwood, Kensington, Manhattan Terrance, and Prospect Park South. 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List of Examples of Stylistic Devices - 1506 Words

Lexical stylistic devices Metaphor. Sustained metaphor O Rose, thou art sick! The invisible worm That flies in the night, In the howling storm, Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy, And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy. [William Blake â€Å"The sick rose† http://www.poetry-archive.com/b/the_sick_rose.html] novel metaphor: Time is jealous of you and wars against your lilies and your roses [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.30] Conventional metaphor If all the worlds a stage, where is the audience sitting? [by Steven Wright â€Å"Anatomy of English humor† Lev Barsky ЛÐ ¸Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼, ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ ²Ã °, 2012] Genuine methaphor The pulse of joy that beats in us at twenty, becomes sluggish [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray.†¦show more content†¦[Maugham â€Å"The happy man†.†Short stories† Vintage books.1998. P.219]. Sentential epithet- Mrs. Vane glanced at her, and with one of those false theatrical gestures that so often become a mode of second nature to a stage-player, clasped her in her arms. [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.74] Oxymoron I knew Salvatore first when a boy of fifteen with a pleasant ugly face†¦ [Maugham â€Å"The Salvatore†.†Short stories† Vintage books.1998. P.157]. Hyperbole I like persons with no principles better than anything else in the world. [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.16] Periphrasis My dear Tina, we have paid our homage to Neptune. He will forgive us if we now turn our backs on him. [Aaron Kampman Jersey , west-country folksong: â€Å"As Sylvie Was Walking† http://whoced.net/pt/perilous-/blog.htm] Decomposition of a set phrase He saw a notice saying, KEEP TO THE WRONG [Colier J. â€Å"Half way to hell†. P. 335] I am of a roving disposition [Maugham â€Å"The happy man†.†Short stories† Vintage books.1998. P.157]. Euphemism You know I am not a champion of marriage. [Wilde O. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Penguin books. 1994. P.97] Syntactical stylistic devices Stylistic inversion Had he not, guide-book in hand, traversed the forsaken streets of Pompeii? –[Evelyn Waugh â€Å"Decline and Fall†, P. 149] Detached structure And he walked slowly past again, along the river - an evening of clear, quietShow MoreRelatedUsage And Usage Of Alliteration1170 Words   |  5 Pagesin from stem to stern, or with a vowel sound that may differ from syllable to syllable (vocalic alliteration) as in each to all. Alliteration - Examples and Definition of Alliteration - Literary Devices literarydevices.net/alliteration/ Definition, Usage and a list of Alliteration Examples in common speech and literature. Alliteration is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the ... Alliteration | Definition of Alliteration by Merriam-Webster www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/alliterationRead MoreJ. Galsworthy. the Broken Boot1021 Words   |  5 PagesA Sample of Complex Stylistic Analysis J. Galsworthy. The Broken Boot (E.M. Zeltin et. Al. English Graduation Course, 1972, pp.88-89: finishing with the words .. .walked side by side.) Text Interpretation The passage under analysis is taken from John Galsworthys story The Broken Boot. It is about an actor whose name is Gilbert Caister. For six months he had been without a job and a proper meal. He ran into a man whom he had come to know in a convalescent camp, a man who thought a lot ofRead MoreJ. Galsworthy. the Broken Boot1005 Words   |  5 PagesA Sample of Complex Stylistic Analysis J. Galsworthy. The Broken Boot (E.M. Zeltin et. Al. English Graduation Course, 1972, pp.88-89: finishing with the words .. .walked side by side.) Text Interpretation The passage under analysis is taken from John Galsworthys story The Broken Boot. It is about an actor whose name is Gilbert Caister. For six months he had been without a job and a proper meal. He ran into a man whom he had come to know in a convalescent camp, a man who thought aRead MorePrehistoric Art Study Guide883 Words   |  4 Pagesquestions will be multiple choice. Some will be accompanied by images while others will rely on your use of your knowledge without visual reference points. COVERAGE Visual Material: Selected from the works of art and architecture we have studied - see list below. These have all been discussed IN CLASS AS WELL AS IN THE TEXTBOOK or other readings. (If we do not cover all the works listed below in class, you will not be responsible for them on the test.) Information: You will be expected to know termsRead MoreMany Authors Can Write Beautiful Works, But Not Many Can1324 Words   |  6 Pagespossible. However, despite the overwhelming popularity of Do yle’s work, he is rarely taken seriously as a stylistic writer. He is regarded as a â€Å"first-rate storyteller (as opposed to a serious novelist)† (Hodgkinson). This said, Doyle does have a unique and effective style of writing that truly draws readers into the world of Sherlock Holmes. Through the use of seemingly basic style devices- sentence length and structure, series, and appositives- Doyle brings readers into his stories before theyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Lost On Translation By Lera Boroditsky1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough Boroditsky does not include more counterarguments, â€Å"Lost in Translation† is a well written article which demonstrates that languages indeed shape the way people think through her use of the Rhetorical Triangle, inductive logic, and her stylistic choices. In the article â€Å"Lost in Translation†, the author, Lera Boroditsky, maintains as her thesis that the languages we speak not only reflect or express our thoughts, but also shape the very thoughts we wish to express. Boroditsky begins the mainRead MoreStylistic Features in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary work have always employed stylistic devices to pass their message, Kate Chopin was no exception. She employs a number of styles in her book, the story of an Hour. Just like any author she achieves storytelling in a simple and straight forward manner. Some of the stylistic devices she uses are: description, internal monologue, authorial intrusion contrast, figurative expressions, symbolism among others. This paper discusses the use of stylistic features in passing the message toRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Stylistic Devices1866 Words   |  8 PagesChapter One In Chapter One, F. Scott Fitzgerald mainly uses detail to introduce the setting and characters. For example, when introducing the main setting of the book, he describes his house as squeezed between two huge places that rented for twelve or fifteen thousand a season. (9). One of these houses was Gatsbys. This detail gives the reader an idea of what kind of town this was, and what kind of people lived in it. Fitzgerald also uses detail to introduce characters. When introducingRead MoreLiterary Devices in Pride and Prejudice8198 Words   |  33 Pagesthe Lexical Stylistic devices (Metaphor, metonymy, irony, simile, epithet) in the novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen† DIPLOMA PAPER Scientific Supervisor: E. B. Jumakeeva Done by: Satarova Rahat, group: A08-2 Contents: Pages: Introduction Chapter I. General survey of Stylistic Devices I.1 Historical background of Style and Stylistics Devices I.2 Types of Stylistic Devices ChapterRead MoreWhat it is Like to Live in Paris in the Article, See Paris the Real Parisians Do, from The Arizona Republic1129 Words   |  5 Pagesgraceful Paris is which also gives the text its appreciative and admiring tone. Thus, this makes the reader feel proud if they are from Paris. The readers can also feel grateful because of the beauty described in Paris. The author uses various stylistic devices which include imagery, onomatopoeia, allusions, symbolism, brackets and signs. â€Å"There is traffic, there is noise, there is filth on the streets†( line 6, Nilsen) express Paris through the sense of sight, sound and smell. Imagery is also created

Index Funds and Mutual Funds Free Essays

Whether money is be the root cause of evil or not, I don†t know. What I do know it that since the dawn of man, the concept of currency had been intimately intertwined with human society. It helps form the basis of governments, and most laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Index Funds and Mutual Funds or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world stock market is where these global force that powers our atomic age society merges into a complex matrix of financial void; opportunity in it†s most complex form. The raw power of the stock market that can either bring a man to rapid success, or completely ruin him. Two of the prominent worlds of the stock market are the topic for this research paper: Index Funds and regular mutual funds. To my horror, these two terms are incredibly vague words and each have many different parts with their own specific characteristics. I will be comparing and contrasting the over shared characteristics of both kinds of stock market investing. Let us begin by explaining what both these terms actually mean. Indexing, in its simplest form, means buying all of the stocks, bonds or other instrument of a market, or asset class, instead of trying to pick winners and losers. Index investors are content with the average performance of a market. When they invest, they buy all an amount of all the stocks within the index with the knowledge that some individual stocks will gain and some will lose. The hope and assumption is when investing in index funds, that the overall net change of all the stocks in the index average out to a gain. This is usually the case as the normal trend for a market is to gradually climb. Index investors are skeptical that on average a money manager can improve on the average performance without raising risk. They are even more skeptical after fees are subtracted. The best known index, the Standard Poor’s 500 (SP 500), is a collection of the top 500 major US stocks. However there are dozens of others, including the Euro Top 100, the largest European stocks; EAFE, a broad global index of companies from numerous countries; and the Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index, a collection of government and commercial bonds. Other names for index investing include â€Å"asset class investing† and â€Å"passive investing.† As the name suggests, passive investing is basically a no brainier. The philosophy is not to worry about what individual stocks will gain or lose but to place your risks on the market as a whole. An asset class is simply a category of investment, such as stocks or bonds. No surprises – You instantly know whether your gaining or losing as your profits are based on the overall conditions of the market, or at least the section of the market you invested in. With an actively managed mutual fund investment, you may not know until the very end that the fund manager just lost you or gained you a great deal of free money. Low maintenance – No thinking required. In this sense its kinda like a slot machine just on a much larger scale and on a slot machine†¦ you never win. There is no debating over which stocks to buy, for how long to keep them. Your money stays put; you always know where it is unlike mutual funds where its always being shuffled around. Low Taxes – Taxes on distributions among shareholders is significantly less with index funds as opposed to mutual funds. This saves time and money. Low Expenses – Stock managers charge money. The better they are, the more they charge which boils down to the more you make, the more is taken out of you profit. The average general stock fund takes 1.5% of your assets each year for expenses. Some funds charge much more. The average index fund charges only 0.46%, which means more of your money, is left behind. Lower risk – As you invest in an index, your stocks are generalized throughout the market. This diversification holds a lower risk then picking out individual stocks yourself. Average returns – Investing in an index fund means you’ll never beat the market. You’ll never even match it, since fund expenses will knock a little off your returns. And even though most actively managed mutual funds don’t beat the market over time, a few managers have consistently posted outstanding performances. No downside protection – Mutual fund managers often increase their holdings of bonds and cash if they think the market is poised to fall. Index funds offer no such safeguards: If the market plunges, you’ll go down with it. That’s why most financial planners say index funds are best suited for long-term investors who can ride out dips in the market. High minimums – While index funds generally have low expenses, you may need a lot of money to get started. For example the Vanguard fund requires an initial investment of $3,000 to go into one of its popular index funds; other funds require $1,000 to $5,000. And once you’re in, it might be expensive to get out: Many index funds charge a fee to investors who don’t hold onto their shares at least a year, or more. No fun – Like I said, it†s a no-brainer. Which means you sit and watch your money travel up and down a little red line on you television screen while watching CSPAN. Not as exciting as getting the newspaper the next day and finding out your fund just quintupled. A mutual fund is a company that combines, or pools, investors’ money and, generally, purchases stocks and/or bonds. Ideally, a fund’s size and efficiency, combined with experienced management, provide advantages for investors that include diversification, expert stock and bond selection, low costs, and convenience. In terms of legal structure, a mutual fund is a corporation that receives preferential tax treatment under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The most common type of mutual fund, called an open-end fund, allows investors to buy and sell stock in it on an ongoing basis. The mutual fund issues shares of stock to investors in exchange for cash. However, unlike most cooperations do, mutual funds don†t issue a set amount of shares; new shares are issued as each new investment is made. Investors thus become part owners of the fund itself, and thereby the assets of the fund. The fund, in turn, uses investors’ cash to purchase securities, such as stocks and bonds. This makes up the majority of the assets that the fund makes for itself. There are two main types of mutual funds, a load and no-load fund. Basically speaking, a load fund is one that has a sales charge, and a no-load does not. Those that do have sales charges simply add them on to the net asset value of the fund, thus coming up with a new, higher offering price per share. The underlying values of the fund†s shares do not change. An investor selling shares will still receive only the net asset value. A no-load fund is simpler. The net asset value is used for both the purchase price and the selling price. Therefore, the two prices are always the same. Diversification – As opposed to independent stock investing. Your money is more diversified but not as Cost – Again, as opposed to individual investing. Funds usually have trading cost discounts and can spread internal cost over the large shareholder base. Professional Management – You have a professional fund manager who watches the stock and decides where it should go and when it should go there. Tax planning difficult – because the timing of taxable distribution is uncertain. You cannot choose the sale dates for yourself and therefore there is much uncertainty on when your taxable distributions are made. Uncertainty – For competitive reasons with other mutual funds, the funds usually don†t disclose the report of a transaction until after its been made. This leaves you constantly one step behind in knowing where you money is. Manager changes – A fund can all of a sudden change a manager which you will not find out about in a timely manner. You don†t know who†s handling your money and have little control over it yourself. How to cite Index Funds and Mutual Funds, Essay examples

Importance of Grammar in Learning-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What is the place of grammar in laguage teaching? 2.How necessary is it for a teacher of English as a foreign language to have a knowledge of English grammar? 3.How necessary is it for the teacher to have a knowledge of the grammar of the students' language or languages? Answers: The role or the utility of grammar in teaching languages has led to a lot of speculation in the recent times. According to teachers who have been engaged with the subject for long as also for linguists, grammar is an important part of the lesson. After the emergence of new approaches and methods, somehow the significance of grammar was lost. In the recent times, more and more attention is being paid to it and is being considered important. Irrespective of the method that the teacher uses, the extent to which the teacher works on grammar is bound to differ greatly depending on the age of the learners. The younger the student is, the lesser is their knowledge of the explanation of grammar and exercises. It is thought that, grammar is not that significant and hence much of attention need not be given to the teacher. This sort of a realization is due to the age of the student. It can additionally be said however that, the students can catch the rules of the language and make them their own much faster than in case of adults. Despite this, there is definitely a need to explain the grammar to kids. 1.It has been seen that the learners minds can control the grammar for the people; the teachers are unable to perform it on their behalf. Grammar is within the mind and is a categorization of knowledge and it is not a set of policies or structures to be memorized or to be learnt as habits but is an active system to be built by the individuals mind for dealing with the different sentences which it hears and grasps. The teaching method provides the way by which the computational system in the students mind can be formulated (Cook). There are considerable learning and mental abilities of the adults just like the younger ones but adult learners are considered to be in need of certain explanations specifically in certain steps of the learning process. One reason they need to attain such a level of accuracy is due to the reason that these people do not seem to be willing to take risks of making mistakes, the younger learners are not really afraid. The second reason for them needing such accuracy is because their age group is that which requires them to join jobs and get involved in their careers. Thus they will need to maintain a command of English in addition to a sound knowledge in their own fields (Alsagoff et al). There are several learners who are always under pressure to accomplish a higher level of accuracy than whatever is needed for an effective amount of communication. It is required that the examiners be satisfied by the students and in these situations, there are certain criteria which have little to do with the effectiveness of the language use. When it comes to the employers, even some frequent small mistakes are unacceptable and hence needs to be kept in mind by them (Richards and Theodore). Accuracy is considered to come after proper amount of exposure and practice but in certain countries, the only place of exposure of the students to the English language is the English class. Therefore it is necessary for the teachers to compensate for the loss of adequate amount of exposure (Cook). Languages have reasons of structure which are difficult and hard to learn. Therefore for the learners to master them, adequate amount of experience, consideration and use of these features are crucial. In cases where the time is limited and learners have out of class exposure, the situation can be brought about with the help of pedagogic intervention. There needs to be explicit teaching and also systematic practices informed by a syllabus of the known problems. The inaccuracy of the methods of understanding also needs to be realized and modified in the very beginning (Dickins and Kevin). There are certain items of grammar which are more vital than others, and other aspects need extremely high exposure in order to be acquired subconsciously. In case the inputs for the exposure are highly sufficient these items are more capably and quickly learned effectively. In case any sort of errors are committed on these cases, the meanings will severely change. On the other hand, the items which are very less basic and also have a less amount of disturbance in case of the communication are more properly acquired either subconsciously or inductively. The grammar items might be more suitably accomplished through the raising of consciousness (Cook). 2.Another important question is the importance of the teachers knowledge in English. A teacher needs to possess sufficient amount of knowledge. The teacher needs to possess the ability to answer all the relevant questions and also those queries which are irrelevant. It is not enough to state that there is no knowledge of a particular topic to a person. In addition to this, due to the extremely fast evolutionary nature of language as also teaching ideas, a teacher needs to be a learner forever nourishing his or her knowledge of the latest amount of changes (Rutherford). The teachers are obliged to be aware of the new ideas about grammar and learning of language today so that they can take from them anything which they find beneficial. It is significant that the teacher of English as an outside language know about the language properly so that the students who learn from that particular teacher are able to grasp the important aspects of grammar apart from learning it as a language (Wong, and Mirta). It is rather difficult for students having different languages as their mother tongue to focus on the conjunctions, articles, prepositions and their effective use in the language which they are learning for the first time. It is therefore the role of the teacher to ensure that all the requirements of the grammar are clearly explained to the students. Introducing innovative ways and methods of learning can also help the students to remember and properly apply the grammatical techniques which they are learning (Basturkmen). 3.Whether the teacher knows about the native language of the students is also a significant question. There are several types of errors which are committed during the learning and teaching process. In case a teacher is aware of the grammar of the students native language, he or she can be made aware of what grammatical processes that arise in the learners mind. It also allows the teacher to identify the problem, in case there are any problems and also inform the students about them. The uses of verbs, prepositions, their positioning as well as the agreement of the verb with subject are different in case of different languages (Purpura). The teachers who are aware of the grammatical differences in the different languages can make the students aware of these issues and prevent them from making grammatical errors. However, the most important issue is the in-depth knowledge of the English language. It is the duty of the teacher to have an in depth knowledge of the languages in which he is teaching (Richards and Theodore). It is due to this that the teacher can notice even the smallest of grammatical errors and ask the students to correct it as soon as they can remove it. The teacher can also devise a solution of it. The knowledge of students native language might help the teacher to relate its procedures with that that of English. However it is not imperative that the teacher possesses knowledge of that language References: Alsagoff, Lubna, et al., eds.Principles and practices for teaching English as an international language. Routledge, 2012. Basturkmen, Helen. "Review of research into the correspondence between language teachers' stated beliefs and practices."System40.2 (2012): 282-295. Cook, Vivian.Second language learning and language teaching. Routledge, 2013. Dickins, Pauline Rea, and Kevin Germaine.Managing evaluation and innovation in language teaching: Building bridges. Routledge, 2014. Purpura, James E.Assessing grammar. John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2013. Richards, Jack C., and Theodore S. Rodgers.Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press, 2014. Rutherford, William E.Second language grammar: Learning and teaching. Routledge, 2014. Wong, Cathy Chiu Yin, and Mirta Barrea-Marlys. "The role of grammar in communicative language teaching: An exploration of second language teachers perceptions and classroom practices."Electronic Journal of Foreign L